synthetic differential geometry
Introductions
from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds
geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry
Differentials
Tangency
The magic algebraic facts
Theorems
Axiomatics
Models
differential equations, variational calculus
Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory
Cartan geometry (super, higher)
A jet can be thought of as the infinitesimal germ of a section of some bundle or of a map between spaces. Jets are a coordinate free version of Taylor-polynomials and Taylor series.
For
a surjective submersion of smooth manifolds and , the bundle
of order- jets of sections of is the bundle whose fiber over a point is the space of equivalence classes of germs of sections of , where two germs are considered equivalent if their first partial derivatives at coincide.
In the case when is a trivial bundle its sections are canonically in bijection with maps from to and two sections have the same partial derivatives iff the partial derivatives of the corresponding maps from to agree. So in this case the jet space is called the space of jets of maps from to and commonly denoted with .
In order to pass to to form the infinite jet bundle one forms the projective limit over the finite-order jet bundles,
but one has to decide in which category of infinite-dimensional manifolds to take this limit:
one may form the limit formally, i.e. in pro-manifolds. This is what is implicit for instance in Anderson, p.3-5;
one may form the limit in Fréchet manifolds, this is farily explicit in (Saunders 89, chapter 7). See at Fréchet manifold – Projective limits of finite-dimensional manifolds. Beware that this is not equivalent to the pro-manifold structure (see the remark here). It makes sense to speak of locally pro-manifolds.
When is a complex-analytic manifold with the structure sheaf of holomorphic functions, and a locally free sheaf of -modules, we can be even more explicit. The first jet bundle fits into a short exact sequence, called the Atiyah exact sequence:
where as a -module, but with an -action given by
The extension class of this exact sequence is called the Atiyah class of , and is somewhat equivalent to the first Chern class of . Note that the Atiyah class is exactly the obstruction to the Atiyah exact sequence admitting a splitting, and a (holomorphic) splitting of the Atiyah exact sequence is exactly a Koszul connection.
We discuss a general abstract definition of jet bundles.
Let be an (∞,1)-topos equipped with differential cohesion with infinitesimal shape modality (or rather a tower of such, for each infinitesimal order ).
For , write for the corresponding de Rham space object.
Notice that we have the canonical morphism, the -component of the unit of the -monad
(“inclusion of constant paths into all infinitesimal paths”).
The corresponding base change geometric morphism is
The jet comonad is the (∞,1)-comonad
Since base change gives even an adjoint triple , there is a left adjoint to the jet comonad of def. ,
where is the infinitesimal disk bundle of , see at differential cohesion – infinitesimal disk bundle – relation to jet bundles
In the context of differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is a comonad was explicitly observed in (Marvan 86, see also Marvan 93, section 1.1, Marvan 89). It is almost implicit in (Krasil’shchik-Verbovetsky 98, p. 13, p. 17, Krasilshchik 99, p. 25).
In the context of synthetic differential geometry the fact that the jet bundle construction is right adjoint to the infinitesimal disk bundle construction is (Kock 80, prop. 2.2).
In the context of algebraic geometry and of D-schemes as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3), the base change comonad formulation inf def. was noticed in (Lurie, prop. 0.9).
In as in (BeilinsonDrinfeld, 2.3.2, reviewed in Paugam, section 2.3) jet bundles are expressed dually in terms of algebras in D-modules. We now indicate how the translation works.
In terms of differential homotopy type theory this means that forming “jet types” of dependent types over is the dependent product operation along the unit of the infinitesimal shape modality
A quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaf on is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves
We write
for the stable (∞,1)-category of quasicoherent (∞,1)-sheaves.
A D-module on is a morphism of (∞,2)-sheaves
We write
for the stable (∞,1)-category of D-modules.
The Jet algebra functor is the left adjoint to the forgetful functor from commutative algebras over to those over the structure sheaf
Typical Lagrangians in quantum field theory are defined on jet bundles. Their variational calculus is governed by Euler-Lagrange equations.
Examples of sequences of local structures
Exposition of variational calculus in terms of jet bundles and Lepage forms and aimed at examples from physics is in
Lecture notes and textbook accounts:
Peter Michor, Manifolds of differentiable mappings, Shiva Publishing (1980) pdf
David Saunders, The geometry of jet bundles, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 142, Cambridge Univ. Press 1989.
Demeter Krupka, Josef Janyška, Part 1 of: Lectures on differential invariants, Univerzita J. E. Purkyně, Brno (1990) [ISBN:80-210-165-8, researchgate]
Jean-François Pommaret, Chapter II in: Partial Differential Equations and Group Theory, Springer (1994) [doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2539-2]
Joseph Krasil'shchik in collaboration with Barbara Prinari, Lectures on Linear Differential Operators over Commutative Algebras, 1998 (pdf)
Shihoko Ishii, Jet schemes, arc spaces and the Nash problem, arXiv:math.AG/0704.3327
G. Sardanashvily, Fibre bundles, jet manifolds and Lagrangian theory, Lectures for theoreticians, arXiv:0908.1886
Peter Olver, Lectures on Lie groups and differential equation, chapter 3, Jets and differential invariants, 2012 (pdf)
Early accounts include
The algebra of smooth functions of just locally finite order on the jet bundle (“locally pro-manifold”) was maybe first considered in
Discussion of the Fréchet manifold structure on infinite jet bundles includes
David Saunders, chapter 7 Infinite jet bundles of The geometry of jet bundles, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series 142, Cambridge Univ. Press 1989.
M. Bauderon, Differential geometry and Lagrangian formalism in the calculus of variations, in Differential Geometry, Calculus of Variations, and their Applications, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 100, Marcel Dekker, Inc., N.Y., 1985, pp. 67-82.
C. T. J. Dodson, George Galanis, Efstathios Vassiliou,, p. 109 and section 6.3 of Geometry in a Fréchet Context: A Projective Limit Approach, Cambridge University Press (2015)
Andrew Lewis, The bundle of infinite jets (2006) (pdf)
Discussion of finite-order jet bundles in tems of synthetic differential geometry is in
Anders Kock, Formal manifolds and synthetic theory of jet bundles, Cahiers de Topologie et Géométrie Différentielle Catégoriques (1980) Volume: 21, Issue: 3 (Numdam)
Anders Kock, section 2.7 of Synthetic geometry of manifolds, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 180 (2010). (pdf)
The jet comonad structure on the jet operation in the context of differential geometry is made explicit in
Michal Marvan, A note on the category of partial differential equations, in Differential geometry and its applications, Proceedings of the Conference August 24-30, 1986, Brno (pdf)
(notice that prop. 1.3 there is wrong, the correct version is in the thesis of the author)
with further developments in
Michal MarvanOn the horizontal cohomology with general coefficients, 1989 (web announcement, web archive)
Abstract: In the present paper the horizontal cohomology theory is interpreted as a special case of the Van Osdol bicohomology theory applied to what we call a “jet comonad”. It follows that differential equations have well-defined cohomology groups with coefficients in linear differential equations.
Michal Marvan, section 1.1 of On Zero-Curvature Representations of Partial Differential Equations, (1993) (web)
Igor Khavkine, Urs Schreiber, Synthetic geometry of differential equations: I. Jets and comonad structure (arXiv:1701.06238)
In the context of algebraic geometry, the abstract characterization of jet bundles as the direct images of base change along the de Rham space projection is noticed in
The explicit description in terms of formal duals of commutative monoids in D-modules is in
Exposition:
A discussion of jet bundles with an eye towards discussion of the variational bicomplex on them :
The de Rham complex and variational bicomplex of jet bundles is discussed in
where both versions (smooth functions being globally or locally of finite order) are discussed and compared.
Discussion of all this in the convenient context of smooth sets:
Discussion of jet-restriction of the Haefliger groupoid is in
Discussion of jet bundles in supergeometry includes
Arthemy V. Kiselev, Andrey O. Krutov, appendix of On the (non)removability of spectral parameters in -graded zero-curvature representations and its applications (arXiv:1301.7143)
Gennadi Sardanashvily, Graded infinite order jet manifolds, Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. v.4 (2007) 1335-1362 (arXiv:0708.2434)
See also
On jet bundles of -graded manifolds and their vector bundles:
On jet bundles in noncommutative geometry:
Last revised on March 4, 2024 at 05:49:36. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.